|
Alexander Mourousis ((ギリシア語:Αλέξανδρος Μουρούζης, ''Alexandros Mourouzis''); (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Alexandru Moruzi); died 1816) was a ''Great Dragoman'' of the Ottoman Empire who served as Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia. Open to Enlightenment ideas, and noted for his interest in hydrological engineering, Mourousis was forced to deal with the intrusions of Osman Pazvantoğlu's rebellious troops. In a rare gesture for his period, he renounced the throne in Wallachia, and his second rule in Moldavia was cut short by the intrigues of French diplomat Horace Sébastiani. ==Biography== A member of the Mourousis family of Phanariotes and the son of Constantine Mourousis (one of the few Ottoman-appointed Princes to die in office),〔Penelea Filitti, p. 60.〕 he was educated to speak six languages in addition to his native Greek. Alexander was ''Great Dragoman'' under Sultan Selim III, in which capacity he helped mediate the 1791 Treaty of Jassy, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792.〔Penelea Filitti, pp. 60-61.〕 Selim rewarded his service by appointing him to the throne in Iași (Moldavia) in January 1792,〔Penelea Filitti, p. 61.〕 and transferred a year later to the throne of Bucharest (1793–1796), where his first year in office coincided with a bubonic plague outbreak (which he dealt with by quarantining and confining the ill to the village of Dudești).〔Djuvara, p. 199; Giurescu, p. 106; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.〕 Dismissed owing to intrigues at the Ottoman court, he was reinstated in Bucharest (1798–1801). In 1799, he passed a resolution ending the labor conflict at the cloth factory in Pociovaliște (presently part of Bucharest).〔Djuvara, pp. 190-191.〕 After reforming its system of worker employment and payment, as well as hiring Saxon experts from Transylvania to manage the industry, he denied the workers' request to institute two weeks off for each week of labor, and ordered activities to be resumed, while stressing that it was imperative to respect the Ottoman demand for textiles (''see Labor movement in Romania'').〔Djuvara, p. 190.〕 At the time, the employees did not receive payment, but worked in exchange for tax exemptions.〔 Over the following year, Mourousis had to deal with the incursion of Pazvantoğlu's rebellious troops in Oltenia, which resulted in the plundering and burning down much of the city of Craiova.〔Ionescu, p. 254; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.〕 News of the Craiova's destruction reached Bucharest and Mourousis forbade fleeing the city; however, this did not prevent the boyars from sending their wealth into Habsburg lands for safekeeping.〔Ionescu, pp. 254-255.〕 Mourousis built fortifications on the road to Craiova and on the banks of Olt River; he attacked Pazvantoğlu's troops, who used the city's ruins as barricades — after several days of fighting, Pazvantoğlu and his troops fled Craiova and returned to Vidin.〔Ionescu, p. 255.〕 Powerless against the latter's destructive attacks, he asked to be relieved of his position, and, in a highly unusual gesture, paid off Ottoman authorities in exchange for his own replacement.〔Djuvara, p. 282; Penelea Filitti, p. 61.〕 At the insistence of the French Empire, he was again appointed Prince of Moldavia (1802–1806 and 1806–1807), but was ultimately dismissed through another French intervention at the Porte - on August 12, 1806, Horace Sébastiani, the French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, called on Selim III to punish Constantine Ypsilantis' pro-Russian activities in Wallachia, and to prevent a Moldavian-Wallachian-Russian alliance.〔Djuvara, p. 284.〕 This last event constituted one of the causes for the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812. Mustafa IV ordered Mourousis to be sent to the galleys, but he was pardoned soon after.〔 He died at his home in Istanbul, and rumor had it that he was poisoned.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alexander Mourousis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|